Overview

The Department of State (“State” or DOS) conducts US foreign policy to promote US security, prosperity, and democratic values. It negotiates treaties, manages diplomatic missions, issues passports and visas, and represents the US in international organizations like the UN and NATO. 

State contributes to technology policy, which is becoming increasingly important in diplomacy. The Department had been reorganized in recent years, creating a Bureau for Cyberspace and Digital Policy (CDP) and the Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology (S/TECH). The department’s involvement in AI policy includes preparing for and participating in international summits, coordinating on AI with other countries, including through organizations like OECD, and engaging in diplomatic efforts related to human rights, scientific research, and global security. The Biden Administration’s October 2023 Executive Order on AI assigned State several AI-related tasks.

State’s role in biosecurity and biodefense policy includes leading international negotiations on treaties like the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), coordinating with organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) to address global biological threats, and managing foreign assistance programs to strengthen global health security. More recently, State was assigned to co-lead efforts in the Biden Administration’s 2022 National Biodefense Strategy and 2024 Global Health Security Strategy to prevent biological incidents, enhance biosafety practices worldwide, and accelerate biosecurity innovation.

Source: USASpending

Background on State

  • Government context: the Department of State is the oldest of 15 executive departments in the US government; the Secretary is a member of the US president’s cabinet and the National Security Council
  • Main activities: oversees foreign policy and relations with other nations; negotiates treaties and international agreements; runs US missions (embassies and consulates) abroad; represents the US in international fora (UN, NATO, etc.); issues passports and visas; disburses funding for international development (through USAID)
  • Budget: small compared to other executive departments ($84.03 billion in 2023)
  • Staff: ​​~78,000 employees; middling for executive departments (by comparison: DOD has ~748,000 civilian staff; DOJ has ~115,000; Commerce has ~47,000)
  • Brief history: founded in 1789 as the first of three departments (alongside War and Treasury); initially named the “Department of Foreign Affairs” in July 1789 but Congress decided there was not enough work to set up a Department of Home Affairs, so it renamed it the “Department of State” and gave it many domestic responsibilities (such as running the census, approving patents, and minting currency—responsibilities largely passed on to other departments over the next two centuries); underwent some significant reorganizations in the 20th century, including the absorption but not full integration of the US Agency for International Development (USAID)
  • Dep. of State Agency Performance Dashboard, Partnership for Public Service

Organizational structure

Source: DOS. This org chart does not display the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technologies (S/TECH).

The State Department is headed by a Secretary of State, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Other senior leadership positions, such as the Deputy Secretary, Deputy Secretary for Management and Resources, Under Secretaries, Assistant Secretaries, and Chief of Staff are also politically appointed.

In addition to many smaller offices listed at the bottom of the org chart, State has six under secretaries that lead the main verticals within State: 

  1. Political Affairs (P)
  2. Economic Growth, Energy, and Environment (E)
  3. Arms Control and International Security (T)
  4. Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs (R)
  5. Management (M)
  6. Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights (J)

Offices of the Under Secretaries are referred to by a letter (e.g. “P”, “E”, etc.), which does not always correspond to the name of the office. The letter is used to refer to both the office and the Under Secretary themselves; thus, Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, including all the bureaus beneath it, and the individual who is Under Secretary are all are referred to as “R”. They are also often referred to as “families” (e.g. the “T family”). See the footnote for other State lingo.1

Political Affairs (P) is often considered the most powerful and prestigious. The Under Secretary of Political Affairs is the 4th most senior officer at State (after the Secretary “S”, the Deputy Secretary “D”, and the Deputy Secretary for Management and Resources “D-MR”). P leads on bilateral and multilateral relations, including oversight of all embassies and consulates abroad. Each of its bureaus contains country-level offices, often referred to as “desks” or “houses” (e.g. the “China house”). P’s Bureau of International Organization Affairs (IO) coordinates on multilateral organizations like the UN.

While most of the bureaus in P are “regional”, the remaining Under Secretaries largely oversee “functional” bureaus. Functional bureaus look at a policy area that cuts across geographic lines, such as “human rights”, or “economics” or “security.”

State also houses the US Agency for International Development (USAID). Staffed by about 10,000 people, the agency was independent from State until 1999 when the Clinton administration integrated USAID with State, though it is still an independent agency.

Workforce

State employs four major categories of full-time staff:

  1. Foreign Service Officers (FSOs): There are about 14,000 FSOs; if you’re interested in a diplomatic career, see this career guide. The Foreign Service is divided into two categories: “generalists” and “specialists.” Generalists are people you typically think of as diplomats, rising through the ranks to potentially become ambassadors over 30-year careers (though many ambassador positions are filled through political appointments).2 FSOs are hired through a competitive examination process. Once selected, they tend to serve 3-year terms in different countries, often—though not always—returning for a DC-based term after every two terms abroad. There are five different tracks for generalist FSOs, with the political and public diplomacy tracks tending to be the most competitive. Because they move around so much between both geographies and issue areas, FSOs are often seen as strong generalists, rather than experts in any one area.
  2. Civil service employees: Different from FSOs, civil servants are hired through hiring notices on USAJOBS and have a fixed fob description tied to a single office. They don’t tend to serve abroad and they often serve longer in their positions than the 3 years of an FSO’s rotation. Civil servants are often recruited for their specific subject-matter expertise, while many have generalist backgrounds. There are about 12,000 civil servants, most of whom serve in Washington DC.
  3. Political appointees: Like all federal departments, State’s senior leadership tends to comprise officials appointed by the presidential administration. The number of political appointees has increased over time.
  4. Locally employed staff (formerly, Foreign Service National): Embassies and consulates employ in-country staff to support programming and logistics (e.g. translators, event staff, drivers). Locally employed staff make up the bulk of the State Department’s workforce at almost 50,000 people. They are often of the same nationality as the country in which they serve.

In addition, there are many contractors, consultants, and fellows working at or with State.

Department of State and AI policy

Parts of State have worked on technology policy for decades, including the Office of the Science & Technology Advisor to the Secretary (STAS). In recent years, State has been restructured with the creation of two offices focusing on emerging technology and digital policy: the Bureau for Cyberspace and Digital Policy (CDP) and the Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology (S/TECH). See also State’s (partly outdated) website laying out its approach and actions on AI policy.

State’s work on AI policy includes international negotiations and coordination on AI, including preparing for and participating in international summits. This has included work with OECD on the Global Partnership on AI (GPAI) and the Responsible AI in the Military Domain Summit (REAM). AI has become an increasingly significant area of diplomatic engagement, including in domains of human rights, scientific research, and global security.

There are several State offices and components that those interested in AI policy may find professionally relevant, including (not necessarily comprehensive):

There’s a list of office names and descriptions here, which are omitted from this narration.

  1. Office of the Secretary of State (S): leads the Department and determines strategic direction for its bureaus (org chart, scroll to bottom).
    1. Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology (S/TECH): coordinates efforts on emerging technologies, including AI, quantum, and biotech; has around 15-20 staff that are split into “policy” staff (covering tech areas) & “partnership” staff (mainly FSOs focused on regions and multilateral forums).
    2. Policy Planning Staff (S/P): State’s in-house think tank, providing policy analysis for the Secretary; in recent years, S/P has become a central director of strategy within State (org chart, scroll to bottom).
  2. Office of the Deputy Secretary of State (D): principal advisor to the Secretary and oversees Department operations and implementation.
    1. Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy (CDP): leads diplomacy on digital technologies—focused on both US national security and on human rights and digital freedom.
  3. Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security (T): handles nonproliferation and arms control as well as defense relations, arms transfers, and security assistance.
    1. Bureau of Arms Control, Deterrence, and Stability (ADS): works to reduce the risks of conflict and escalation (org chart, scroll to bottom).
      • Emerging Security Challenges (ESC): Coordinates and expands on REAM, including funding studies into how AI will impact nuclear command and control, strategic stability, arms verification, and AI in military equipment. They also focus on quantum, deep fakes, and supply chain issues.
      • Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation (ISN): largely focused on the proliferation of WMDs, but has growing programs on emerging technologies (org chart).
        • Critical Technology Protection (CTP): develops policy and diplomatic strategy for potentially disruptive technologies, focused on technology control tools such as export controls. Coordinates the Multilateral Action on Sensitive Technologies (MAST) forum. Serves as policy lead on AI for ISN.
        • Office of the Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund (NDF): conducts short-term projects to address immediate problems or opportunities for the nonproliferation of WMD and advanced weapons, including funding for foreign assistance capacity building. Assists CTP with MAST and is launching capacity-building projects in AI safety, AI security, and AIxbio. Project managers have considerable control over crafting proposals, which need approval from the department and Congress. After congressional approval, projects are implemented through external firms via contracts or agreements, with flexible decision-making, global collaboration, and ongoing management.
        • Office of Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR): manages the Global Threat Reduction program; uses foreign assistance to prevent proliferation from state and non-state actors. Has a CMET team (Counter the Misuse of Advanced and Emerging Technologies) and budget for emerging tech projects.
        • International Security Advisory Board (ISAB): provides independent advice on various topics like arms control, disarmament, nonproliferation, outer space, critical infrastructure, cybersecurity, the national security aspects of emerging technologies, international security, and related aspects of public diplomacy; e.g. ISAB wrote reports on new and emerging security challenges and the impact of AI on arms control, nonproliferation, and verification.
  4. Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment (E): leads diplomacy on economic and climate-related matters (org chart, scroll to the bottom).
    1. Office of the Science and Technology Adviser (STAS): forecasts how developments in science and technology (S&T) may affect US foreign policy; builds S&T policy capacity at State; supports coordination with the interagency and the broader technology community on S&T issues; administers the AAAS, Jefferson, and other science policy fellowships (for more detail, see interview with Chief S&T Adviser).
    2. Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs (EB): focus on economic diplomacy and policy that supports American economic security.
      • Division for Trade Policy and Negotiations (TPN): aims to advance open markets for US trade. Includes the Office of Multilateral Trade Affairs (MTA), which works on international trade policy which includes cooperation with the US-EU Trade and Technology Council and potentially semiconductor export controls.
  5. Undersecretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights (J): leads diplomacy to advance the protection of civilians and their rights (org chart, scroll to the bottom).
    1. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL): functional bureau for civil liberties and international human rights.
      • Internet Freedom and Business & Human Rights Section (IFBHR): commissioned to promote human rights and civil liberties in all aspects of business, with a particular focus on online rights; coordinates State participation in the Council of Europe AI negotiations.

Department of State and biosecurity policy

State plays an integral role in biosecurity policy, encompassing international coordination, agreements, and treaties; foreign aid; and interagency coordination for domestic policy and preparedness efforts.

Its key activities in these area include:

  1. International coordination, nonproliferation, and arms control: State leads US bilateral and multilateral efforts, negotiations, and relationships—including those related to health, biosecurity, and public health.
    1. Bio-related international agreements: International Health Regulations (IHR), the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), among others (see our full list here).
    2. Bio-related multilateral institutions: World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), and the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), among others (see our full list here).
  2. Foreign aid and assistance: Alongside USAID, State manages the US government’s foreign aid programs, which often seek to build capacity and strengthen healthcare systems in developing nations, including by increasing their preparedness for biological threats.
    1. State’s Office of Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) uses foreign assistance to prevent proliferator states and terrorist groups from developing or acquiring WMDs, including biological weapons. During the COVID-19 pandemic, State also helped coordinate the development and distribution of millions of doses of vaccines abroad.
  3. Interagency coordination, domestic preparedness, and technology policy: State also serves in several bio-relevant domestic roles, given its coordinating function in interagency processes and deep in-house policy expertise.
    1. For example, State has several leading and supporting roles detailed in the National Biodefense Strategy (see below), coordinated by its Office of the Biological Policy Staff (ISN/BPS). State also provides high-level strategic guidance on emerging tech, such as through the Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology (S/TECH). 

In 2022, the White House published the government-wide National Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan. The plan assigned numerous international and domestic responsibilities to State which highlights the Department’s roles in US government biosecurity efforts. State is tasked with (co-)leading or supporting a range of efforts listed below, and plays a particularly big role in goal 2—“Ensure biodefense enterprise capabilities to prevent bio incidents”—leading or co-leading a majority of the goal’s priorities.

State’s role in biosecurity evolved over the years, beginning with its involvement in the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) programs initiated after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Initially, these efforts focused on dismantling nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and preventing the proliferation of related expertise. The Department’s responsibilities expanded in 2006 with the launch of the Biosecurity Engagement Program (BEP), which aimed to enhance global biosecurity by improving the physical security of pathogens, upgrading laboratory biosafety, and strengthening disease surveillance in key regions such as South Asia and the Middle East. State also plays a coordinating role in international pandemic preparedness, such as during the Ebola epidemic in West Africa.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, State focused on protecting US citizens abroad and supporting global health initiatives. The Department coordinated a large-scale effort to repatriate tens of thousands of Americans, working with CDC and HHS to ensure public health protocols were followed. It also provided updated Travel Advisories and alerts to keep US travelers informed of the situation overseas. Additionally, State played a role in the global vaccination effort, collaborating with COVAX, the African Vaccine Acquisition Trust, and other organizations to donate over 687 million vaccine doses to countries around the world. This work aimed to enhance access to vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics while addressing misinformation related to COVID-19.

There are several State offices and bureaus relevant to those interested in biosecurity policy, including (not comprehensive):

There’s a list of office names and descriptions here, which are omitted from this narration.

  1. Office of the Secretary of State (S): leads the Department and determines the strategic directions for its bureaus (org chart, scroll to bottom).
    1. Bureau of Global Health Security and Diplomacy (GHSD): established in 2023, GHSD leads and coordinates State’s activities to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious diseases; leads diplomatic engagement; leverages and coordinates US foreign assistance, and promotes greater international cooperation on health security. GHSD covers the functions of the previous Office of International Health and Biodefense. Additional offices overseen by GHSD that may involve biosecurity-related work:
      • US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR): invests billions in the global HIV/AIDS response.
      • Office of Regional and Multilateral Diplomacy (RMD): responsible for high-level diplomatic engagement on pandemic preparedness and response, managing multilateral negotiations like the Pandemic Fund, Pandemic Accord, and International Health Regulations (IHR), coordinating with international organizations (e.g. WHO, African Union), working with US interagency partners, and securing health financing commitments.
      • Office of Infectious Disease and Outbreak Response (IDOR): leads efforts to monitor and respond to international infectious disease outbreaks and coordinates State’s outbreak response.
      • Office of Strategy, Communication, and Health Equity (SCE): coordinates Bureau strategy development, congressional outreach, and public and media engagements. Helps ensure health equity considerations are integrated into the Bureau’s strategy and communications.
    2. Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology (S/TECH): established in 2023, S/TECH brings additional tech policy expertise, diplomatic leadership, and strategic direction to State’s approach to emerging technologies, including AIxbio, AI, quantum, and biotechnology; has around 15-20 staff that are split into “policy” staff (covering tech areas) and “partnership” staff. Engages heavily with the interagency, White House, and multilateral and international stakeholders.
    3. Policy Planning Staff (S/P): State’s in-house think tank, providing policy analysis for the Secretary; in recent years, S/P has become a central director of strategy within State. S/P aims to take a longer-term, strategic view of global trends and frame recommendations for the Secretary to advance US interests and values. This work may include biosecurity-relevant analyses.
  2. Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources (DepSecStateMR): serves as State’s Chief Operating Officer; advises the Secretary on State’s resource allocation and management activities; and assists in carrying out the Secretary’s authority for the overall direction, coordination, and supervision of operational programs at State, including foreign assistance.
    1. Office of Foreign Assistance (F): leads the coordination of US foreign assistance; advances US national security development and objectives by coordinating policy, planning, and performance management efforts; and provides strategic direction for State and USAID for foreign assistance resources.
  3. Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security (T): handles nonproliferation and arms control as well as defense relations, arms transfers, and security assistance.
    1. Bureau of Arms Control, Deterrence, and Stability (ADS): commissioned to reduce the risks of conflict and escalation (org chart, scroll to bottom).
      1. Office of Chemical and Biological Weapons Affairs (CBW): leads State’s efforts to promote the global ban on biological and chemical weapons. CBW focuses mostly on the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) as BPS leads for the BWC.
    2. Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation (ISN): largely focuses on the proliferation of WMD but has growing programs on emerging technologies (org chart). ISN is organized into policy and programming offices—policy offices (MBC, BPS) coordinate with foreign governments and help draft and shape interagency policy documents. Programming offices (CTR, NDF) consist of project managers who use foreign assistance funds to design and implement projects in other countries.
      1. Office of Missile, Biological, and Chemical Nonproliferation (MBC): leads working-level US government efforts to impede, roll back, and eliminate the proliferation of missile delivery systems for WMD, chemical and biological weapons, and related equipment, materials, and technology. MCB efforts include:
        1. Representing the US in the Australia Group
        2. Negotiating changes to export and non-proliferation control lists
        3. Conducting interagency reviews of US export license applications for consistency with WMD and missile nonproliferation objectives
      2. Office of The Biological Policy Staff (ISN/BPS): leads US interagency efforts on the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), including compliance assessments; coordinates State’s implementation of the National Biodefense Strategy; and convenes partners in and outside of government to address key biorisk issues.
      3. Office of Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR): manages the Global Threat Reduction program; uses foreign assistance to prevent proliferation from state and non-state actors.
        1. Biosecurity Engagement Program (BEP): mitigates global biological threats by denying proliferator states and non-state actors the biological expertise, materials, and equipment that could be misused to conduct biological weapons (BW) attacks; works to strengthen biosecurity tools and practices; promotes the adoption of and compliance with comprehensive international frameworks that advance US biological nonproliferation objectives.
      4. Office of the Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund (NDF): maintains subject matter expertise and executes just-in-time funding towards policy development, negotiations, program management, financial operations, and contract administration towards global projects that reduce WMD risks. NDF has especially flexible funds for short-term, stop-gap projects and implements a number of traditional biosafety/biosecurity capacity building projects around the world. 
    3. International Security Advisory Board (ISAB): provides independent, expert insight on all aspects of arms control, disarmament, nonproliferation, outer space, critical infrastructure, cybersecurity, the national security aspects of emerging technologies, international security, and related aspects of public diplomacy; recent reports focus on the role of biotechnology in China’s Military-Civil Fusion Strategy and the impact of AI and associated technologies on arms control, nonproliferation, and verification.
    4. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs (PM): State’s principal link to the DOD. PM provides policy direction in international security, security assistance, military operations, defense strategy and plans, and defense trade.
      1. Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC): ensures commercial exports of defense articles and defense services advance US national security and foreign policy objectives. State is responsible for the export and temporary import of defense articles and services governed by 22 U.SC. 2778 of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) and Executive Order 13637, which includes personal protective equipment (PPE) and toxicological agents.
      2. Office of Global Programs and Initiatives (PM/GPI): integrates strategic approaches with programmatic support to promote international cooperation on a broad range of global security issues. PM/GPI is comprised of three divisions—Peace Operations Capacity Building, Security Forces Capacity Building, and Aviation and Operations—and a Maritime Security team. The Security Forces Capacity Building Division is most biosecurity-relevant, as it oversees the Global Security Contingency Fund (GSCF). GSCF is a unique authority established in the FY 2012 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) providing the Secretaries of State and Defense with a flexible tool to pool funding and expertise across agencies to help advance the US government’s overall strategic objectives and meet security challenges that arise outside of regular budget cycles.
  4. Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment (E): leads diplomacy on economic and climate-related matters (org chart).
    1. Office of the Science and Technology Adviser (STAS): forecasts how developments in science and technology (S&T) may affect US foreign policy; builds S&T policy capacity at State (for more detail, see interview with Chief S&T Adviser).
  5. Under Secretary for Political Affairs (P): serves day-to-day management functions for overall regional and bilateral policy issues; oversees the bureaus for Africa, East Asia and the Pacific, Europe and Eurasia, the Near East, South and Central Asia, the Western Hemisphere, and international organizations.
    1. Bureau of Counterterrorism: leads State in the whole-of-government effort to counter terrorism abroad and to secure the US against foreign terrorist threats; has in-house experts for all angles on counterterrorism knowledge and expertise, including biological weapons.
    2. Bureau of International Organization Affairs (IO): develops and implements US policy at the United Nations and in other multilateral organizations. IO leads the US-UN relationship, including on BWC and issues related to international attribution and response to biological events. It works on pandemic treaty-making, International Health Regulation (IHR) revisions, and the US-WHO relationship.

Working at State

Hiring processes at State vary significantly between the foreign service and civil service.

To become US diplomats, foreign service applicants go through a competitive examination process, a 5-step process which includes a written examination and interview. Foreign Service Officers tend to have graduate degrees and prior language proficiency—though some join the foreign service with no foreign languages straight out of their undergraduate degrees. As generalists, they are not required to have degrees in any particular fields. Those interested in graduate degrees should consider applying for the Pickering Fellowship, Rangel Fellowship, or Payne Fellowship (for USAID), which pay for up to two years of a graduate degree in relevant fields with the requirement of five years in the Foreign Service upon graduation.3 In 2024, the State Department launched a new Lateral Entry Pilot Program for mid-career professionals with key areas of expertise (incl. cyberspace, emerging technology, global health, and climate) to join the foreign service.

Civil servants tend to be recruited based on their subject-matter expertise, often stemming from experience in a relevant field that intersects with diplomacy. Such positions can be found on USAJOBS.

The State Department offers internships, both in Washington DC and in its embassies worldwide. Students can also do remote, part-time internships with State via the Virtual Student Federal Service (see our guide). Similarly, the Rangel Fellowship offers a summer scholars program for undergraduates. Recent graduates should look into the Pathways Program for entry-level opportunities. In addition, for an overview of State Department internships, fellowships, and other early-career opportunities, check out the Federal Internship Finder and the USAJOBS Federal Internship Portal, and filter for “Department of State”. For example, consider the Colin Powell Leadership program, which offers a paid fellowship for recent college graduates and internships for bachelor’s degree students— both paths can lead to full-time employment at the Department. 

To find open full-time positions at State, visit USAJOBS filtering for “Department of State”, and check out its Careers page, which may include postings not listed on USAJOBS. You can also follow State on LinkedIn to stay updated about their activities and new job postings.

Further reading

Footnotes
Other agency profiles